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PHARMACOLOGICAL ACTIVITIES - TOXICOLOGY - DRUG INTERACTIONS

Magnesium (Citrate)

Magnesium is involved in more than 300 essential metabolic reactions such as energy
production, synthesis of essential molecules (nucleic acid, enzymes, and glutathione), structural
roles (cell membranes, chromosomes), and ion transport across cell membranes, cell signalling,
and cell migration (Shils et al., 2006). Magnesium deficiency in dogs can cause anorexia,
weight loss, hyperextension of the carpal joints and hind-leg paralysis. Magnesium deficiency
in cats can cause poor growth rate and overextension of the metacarpi followed by muscular
twitching and convulsions (NRC, 2006).

TOXICOLOGY Toxicity for magnesium citrate has not been documented in dogs and cats when administered orally in therapeutic
doses. LD for magnesium sulphate in dogs is considered to be >1,200 mg/kg of body weight [infused at 200 mg/
50
kg/hr] (Mochizuki et al., 1998).

DRUG The absorption of quinolone antibiotics, such as ciprofloxacin and moxifloxacin, tetracycline
INTERACTIONS antibiotics, including tetracycline, doxycycline, and minocycline, and nitrofurantoin, may
be diminished when taking magnesium supplements. Magnesium may potentiate the side
effects such as dizziness, nausea, and fluid retention associated with calcium channel blockers.
High doses of furosemide and some thiazide diuretics, if taken for extended periods, may
result in magnesium depletion (Hendler & Rorvik, 2001; UMMC, 2012). Digoxin can lead to
increased loss of magnesium in the urine and it is important that normal levels of magnesium
be maintained while taking digoxin because low blood levels of magnesium can increase
adverse effects from this drug, including heart palpitations and nausea (UMMC, 2012g).

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