Page 63 - product-manual

TM/MC TM/MC
PHARMACOLOGICAL ACTIVITIES - TOXICOLOGY - DRUG INTERACTIONS

D-Glucosamine sulphate (C H NO .H SO )
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Clinical studies show that glucosamine sulphate and chondroitin sulphate have a positive
clinical effect in dogs with osteoarthritis (McCarthy et al., 2007). A placebo-controlled study
demonstrated that daily treatment of arthritic dogs with glucosamine sulphate and chondroitin
sulphate markedly alleviated arthritic-associated pain, was well tolerated and exhibited no side
effects (D’Altilio et al., 2007). A systematic review of clinical trials of various treatments
for osteoarthritis in dogs using FDA’s evidence-based medicine scoring system found that a
moderate level of comfort was observed by using a combination of glucosamine hydrochloride
and chondroitin sulphate (Aragon et al., 2007). Glucosamine sulphate and chondroitin sulphate
have exhibited pain-relieving and activity-enhancing effects in cats with painful, mobility-impairing
degenerative joint disease (Lascelles et al., 2010).

Note:
The hydrochloride form of glucosamine is fermented corn-derived glucose and this may not be a preferred form (Stargrove, et al.,
2008).

TOXICOLOGY Toxicity for glucosamine sulphate has not been documented in dogs and cats when administered orally in

therapeutic doses. The LD of glucosamine sulphate has not been determined. No mortality in mice and rats
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was observed at a dose of 5,000 mg/kg PO, 3,000 mg/kg IM, and 1500 mg/kg IV (Senin et al., 1987).

DRUG Validated interactions studies do not exist for glucosamine sulphate preparations. A potential
INTERACTIONS interaction exists between the anticoagulant drug warfarin and glucosamine-chondroitin that is
associated with an increase in the international normal ratio [INR] (Knudsen & Sokol, 2008).

Methylsulfonylmethane [MSM] (C H O S)
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MSM, also known as dimethyl sulfone and methyl sulfone, is an organosulfur compound
that occurs naturally in a variety of fruits, vegetables, grains, and animals including humans.
Clinical evidence for the usefulness of MSM consists of published studies on both animals and
humans, and these studies have suggested some benefits in the treatment of osteoarthritis. After
several reports that MSM helped arthritis in animal models, a double-blind, placebo-controlled
human study suggested that 500 mg three times per day of MSM (alone or in combination with
glucosamine sulphate 500 mg) was helpful in relieving symptoms of knee osteoarthritis (Usha
& Naidu, 2004).

2 | Articulare-VM TM