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PHARMACOLOGICAL ACTIVITIES - TOXICOLOGY - DRUG INTERACTIONS

Zea mays

TOXICOLOGY Toxicity for Stigmata Maydis Zeae has not been documented in dogs and cats when administered orally in
therapeutic doses. Intraperitoneal LD of Stigmata Maydis Zeae methanol extract is 3,464.10 mg/kg of body
50
weight in mice (Ajali et al., 2007).

Equivalent toxic dose in 20 kg dog:
17,320 mg IP of Stigmata Maydis Zeae methanol extract.
Equivalent toxic dose in 5 kg cat: 69,282 mg IP of Stigmata Maydis Zeae methanol extract.

DRUG Validated interactions studies do not exist for Stigmata Maydis Zeae preparations. Clinical
INTERACTIONS interactions with other drugs have not been reported. However, in animal studies, Stigmata Maydis
Zeae extract has been shown to exert hypoglycaemic effect (Guo et al., 2009) and may potentiate
insulin and anti-diabetic drugs.

Equisetum arvense (Field Horsetail)

Evidence suggests that Herba Equiseti Arvensis has mild diuretic action which is likely due to
the constituents, equisetonin and flavone glycosides. In a study of a herbal extract compound
consisting of Herba Equiseti Arvensis and Stigmata Maydis Zeae, the diuretic effect was found
to be greater than hydrochlorothiazide suspension (Masteiková et al., 2007).

Toxicity for Herba Equiseti Arvensis has not been documented in dogs and cats when administered orally in ther-
apeutic doses. However, Herba Equiseti Arvensis is toxic to horses, especially younger animals. Poisoning may
occur on pasture, but mostly in winter when contaminated hay is fed. Toxicity is rare in cattle and sheep (Beasley,
1999). The toxic principle is thiaminase, an enzyme that cleaves the thiamine molecule and renders it biologically
TOXICOLOGY other heat treatment will render the thiaminases inactive (Cornell, 2009). Intraperitoneal LD of Herba Equiseti
inactive. Thiaminases are denatured by heat, therefore subjecting any of the sources of thiaminases to cooking or

50
Arvensis extract is >1,000 mg/kg of body weight in mice (EMEA, 2008). Oral LD of Herba Equiseti Arvensis is
50
>1.79 g/kg of body weight and >1.85 g/kg of body weight in female and male rats respectively (Tago et al., 2010).

Equivalent toxic dose in 20 kg dog: > 36 g PO of Herba Equiseti Arvensis.
Equivalent toxic dose in 5 kg cat: > 9 g PO of Herba Equiseti Arvensis.

DRUG Validated interactions studies do not exist for Herba Equiseti Arvensis preparations. Clinical
INTERACTIONS interactions with other drugs have not been reported. An in vitro study indicates that Herba Equiseti
Arvensis has a low effect on CYP3A4 and CYP19 activity. A clinical interaction study was
conducted with a combination of Cortex Crataeva Nurvala extract and Herba Equiseti Arvensis in
undefined composition and dosage. There was a lack of interference with CYP450 (EMEA, 2008).

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