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PHARMACOLOGICAL ACTIVITIES - TOXICOLOGY - DRUG INTERACTIONS

Allium sativum (Garlic)

Bulbus Allii Sativi has been used in the treatment of Ascaris, strongyloides and Ancylostoma
caninum. Allicin appears to be the active anthelmintic constituent (WHO, 1999). Oral
administration of crude Bulbus Allii Sativi ameliorated the adverse effects of hepatic coccidiosis
(Abu-Akkada et al., 2010). Bulbus Allii Sativi given in high dose on a continuous long term
basis can cause Heinz-body anemia and severe bleeding in dogs, especially small dogs and
cats. However, small amounts used in cooking and medications do not seem to cause a problem
(Richards, 2001). The National Research Council and National Academy of Sciences analyzed
multiple studies on administration of Bulbus Allii Sativi to dogs and were unable to form any
conclusion about the non-safety of Bulbus Allii Sativi in dogs. They point out that many studies
use purified forms of Bulbus Allii Sativi to conduct studies directly applied to the target tissues,
rather than metabolized through the dog’s dietary intake, and often on a one-time test basis. No
data exists to study the long-term effects of daily ingestion of Bulbus Allii Sativi. The historical
safe intake of Bulbus Allii Sativi for dogs is 22 mg/kg of body weight per day (NRC, 2008).

Pelcid-VM™ contains 80 mg (0.08 g) of Bulbus Allii Sativi per 5 mL.

Dogs and cats are highly susceptible to Allium species toxicosis (Salgado et al., 2011). Bulbus Allii Sativi is
considered to be less toxic and safe for dogs than onion (Allium cepa) when used in moderation (Kovalkovičová
et al., 2009). Bulbus Allii Sativi extract, 1.25 mL/kg of body weight (5 g of whole Bulbus Allii Sativi/kg of
TOXICOLOGY body weight) administered intragastrically once a day for 7 days decreased erythrocyte count, haematocrit and

hemoglobin concentration to a minimum value on days 9 to 11. Heinz body formation, an increase in erythrocyte-
reduced glutathione concentration, and eccentrocytes were also detected, however, no dog developed hemolytic
anemia (Lee et al., 2000).

Subcutaneous LD for Bulbus Allii Sativi extract is 3034 mg/kg of body weight and maximum tolerated dose is
50
2200 mg/kg in rabbits (Mikail, 2010). Intraperitoneal LD for methanol extract of Bulbus Allii Sativi is 8.7 g/kg
50
of body weight in mice (Adeniyi et al., 2006).

DRUG Dose of insulin may require adjustment due to hypoglycaemic effects of Bulbus Allii Sativi (Madkor
INTERACTIONS et al., 2011). Avoid concomitant use with anticoagulant drugs as Bulbus Allii Sativi may enhance
the anticoagulant activity due to fibrinolytic activity and diminished platelet aggregation (Ang-Lee
et al., 2001; Mousa, 2010). In animal studies, combined use of diallyl trisulfide, a major component
derived from Bulbus Allii Sativi, with nifedipine could lead to high plasma concentrations of
nifedipine (Wang et al., 2011). The therapeutic efficacy of antiretrovirals such as saquinavir and
darunavir is affected by the presence of Bulbus Allii Sativi flavonoids and organosulfur compounds
which are capable of modifying transporter-enzyme interplay (Berginc et al., 2010).

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