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PHARMACOLOGICAL ACTIVITIES - TOXICOLOGY - DRUG INTERACTIONS

Dryopteris crassirhizoma (Wood Fern)

Rhizoma Dryopteris Crassirhizomae contains filicin, filmarone, filicic acids and flavaspidic
acids which are active anthelmintic compounds and act as a vermifuge. These compounds
paralyze tapeworms and other internal parasites and have been used in traditional medicine
as a worm expellant for humans and also in veterinary medicine. In humans, treatment with
Rhizoma Dryopteris Crassirhizomae extract was found to be effective in ancylostomiasis,
ascariasis, and trichuriasis (Chang & But, 1987; Bown, 1995). Phloroglucinol compounds, isolated
from Rhizoma Dryopteris Crassirhizomae inhibit egg production and the development of eggs
produced by Schistosoma mansoni adult worms (Magalhães et al., 2010).

Toxicity for Rhizoma Dryopteris Crassirhizomae has not been documented in dogs and cats when administered
orally in therapeutic doses. Intraperitoneal LD for filmarone isolated from Rhizoma Dryopteris Crassirhizomae
TOXICOLOGY in mice is 34 mL/kg of body weight (Chen & Chen, 2004). In pregnant mice weighing over 40 g no toxic
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symptoms developed after oral administration of 500 mg/kg of body weight (Chang & But, 1987).

Equivalent toxic dose in 20 kg dog: 680 mL IP of filmarone isolated from Rhizoma Dryopteris Crassirhizomae.
Equivalent toxic dose in 5 kg cat: 170 mL IP of filmarone isolated from Rhizoma Dryopteris Crassirhizomae.

DRUG Validated interactions studies do not exist for Rhizoma Dryopteris Crassirhizomae
INTERACTIONS preparations. Clinical interactions with other drugs have not been reported.

Areca catechu (Areca Seed)

In traditional medicine, Semen Arecae is used in the treatment of tapeworm infestation.
Arecoline, the active principle of Semen Arecae has been used in veterinary medicine as a
purgative and taenifuge. Semen Arecae is effective against tapeworm (Taenia), pinworm
(Oxyuris), hookworms (Ancylostoma and Uncinaria), intestinal fluke (Fasciolopsis), blood
flukes (Schistosoma) and acts as a mild laxative to expel parasites from the gut. According to
one study, extract of Semen Arecae killed tapeworms in dogs within forty minutes. In another
study, a preparation of Semen Arecae effectively paralyzed tapeworms in cows and pigs (Chen
& Chen, 2004). Combined extracts of Semen Arecae and Semen Curcurbitae Moschatae have
been found to be effective in treating heterophyiasis in puppies (Mahmoud et al., 2002).

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