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PHARMACOLOGICAL ACTIVITIES - TOXICOLOGY - DRUG INTERACTIONS

DRUG Ulmus rubra
INTERACTIONS
Validated interactions studies do not exist for Ulmi Rubrae Cortex preparations.Clinical
interactions with other drugs have not been reported. However, Ulmi Rubrae Cortex extract
may slow the absorption of concomitantly administered oral medications (Brinker, 2001).

Citrus Bioflavonoids

Citrus bioflavonoids encompass a diverse set of structures, including rutin, hesperidin, and
quercetin. Several key studies have shown that the anti-inflammatory properties of citrus
bioflavonoids are due to their inhibition of the synthesis and biological activities of different
pro-inflammatory mediators, mainly the arachidonic acid derivatives, prostaglandins E , F and
2 2,
thromboxane A . The anti-oxidant and anti-inflammatory properties of citrus flavonoids can
2
play a key role in their activity against several degenerative diseases (Benavente & Castillo,
2008). Ingestion of citric polyphenols in dogs modulates leukocyte functions through changes
in gene expression (Salas et al., 2009). Studies have shown that supplementation of citrus
flavanones in obese cats resulted in lower energy intake and decrease in plasma lipids and
oxidative stress (Jeusette et al., 2010).

Toxicity for citrus bioflavonoids has not been documented in dogs and cats when administered orally in
therapeutic doses. Oral LD for quercetin is 160 mg/kg of body weight in mice (IARC, 1999; Merck Index,
50
1983). Subcutaneous LD for quercetin is 100 mg/kg of body weight in mice (IARC, 1999). Intravenous LD
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50
for rutin is 950 mg/kg of body weight in mice (Merck Index, 1983). Oral LD for rutin is 4,750 mg/kg of body
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weight in mice (Patil et al., 2012). In a flavonoid mixture containing 90% diosmin and 10% hesperidin the oral
TOXICOLOGY LD is >3g/kg of body weight in animal studies (Meyer, 1994).
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Equivalent toxic dose in 20 kg dog: 3,200 mg PO of quercetin;

95,000 mg PO of rutin;
60 g PO of diosmin and hesperidin mixture.
Equivalent toxic dose in 5 kg cat: 800 mg PO of quercetin;
23,750 mg PO of rutin;
15 g PO of diosmin and hesperidin mixture.

DRUG Validated interactions studies do not exist for citrus bioflavonoid preparations. Clinical
INTERACTIONS interactions with other drugs have not been reported.

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