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PHARMACOLOGICAL ACTIVITIES - TOXICOLOGY - DRUG INTERACTIONS

Linum usitatissimum (Flax Seed)

Semen Lini provides oil rich in omega-3, digestible proteins, and lignans. In addition to being
one of the richest sources of α-linolenic acid oil and lignans, Semen Lini is an essential source
of high quality protein and soluble fibre and is emerging as an important functional food
ingredient (Singh et al., 2011). The main lignan in Semen Lini is secoisolariciresinol diglucoside
converted by mammalian microflora to enterodial and enterolactone. Studies show that Semen
Lini lignans support cardiovascular function, bone health, normal cell proliferation, hormone
balance and are potent antioxidants (Jan et al., 2009). A study conducted at the University of
Toronto concluded that flax seed ingestion produces potentially anticarcinogenic lignans in the
colon, and can decrease the risk for colon carcinogenesis (Serraino & Thompson, 1992).

TOXICOLOGY Toxicity for Semen Lini has not been documented in dogs and cats when administered orally in therapeutic doses.

The LD value for Semen Lini has not been determined.
50

DRUG Validated interactions studies do not exist for Semen Lini preparations. Clinical interactions
INTERACTIONS with other drugs have not been reported. However, enteral absorption of concomitantly
administered medicines may be delayed by bulk forming laxatives such as Semen Lini. For
this reason the product should not be taken ½ to 1 hour before or after intake of other medicinal
products (EMEA, 2006).

Laminaria digitata (Kelp)

In animal models, dietary inclusion of laminarin derived from Thalli Laminariae has been found
to reduce Enterobacteriaceae population and increase total volatile fatty acid concentrations in the
caecum (Smith et al., 2011). A novel glucan-Phycarine isolated from Thalli Laminariae showed
significant stimulation of phagocytic activity as well as potentiation of synthesis and release of
interleukin-1, interleukin-6 and tumour necrosis factor-alpha. In addition, Phycarine increased
natural killer cell-mediated killing of tumour cells both in vitro and in vivo (Vetvicka & Yvin,
2004). Thalli Laminariae is a rich source of iodine required in the formation of thyroxine
(T4), essential in regulating metabolism.

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